Whole Foods The Biggest Organic Food Market - 1723 Words

Whole foods is the U.S’s biggest organic food market which has seen unsurmountable success because of its unique organizational setup and its cutting edge business model. Whole foods unique leadership structure and management style of its CEO, John Mackey, are large contributors to its success; along with the business core values. One would wonder, if such a radical culture can me maintained throughout the long run and if it’s so successful, why it wouldn’t work in my organization. Has Whole foods found the game changing formula to management? Briefly describe the organization. Whole foods is a natural/organic food market who has developed a â€Å"game changing business model which is wrapped inside an even more iconoclastic management model† (Hamel, 2007). Whole Foods business and management models creates a competitive work environment that fosters care, trust and innovation. Because of the unique organization and management Whole Foods Market, Inc. is the largest natural-foods grocer in the United States with more than 360 stores in the U. S., Canada and the United Kingdom. Whole Foods 2013 annual sales were $12.9 billion, with an operating profit of $893 million and cash flow of 472 million. What makes Whole Foods successful? Whole Foods has seen successful because of multiple different reasons. The first and foremost would be their business model and the principles under which their management operates. They have self-self-directed teams, empower their employees, careShow MoreRelatedEssay on Whole Foods Market748 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Whole Foods Market: 2010 How to Grow in An Increasingly Competitive Market? Patricia Harasta and Alan N. Hoffman A Case Study Analysis Antonia Jackson MBA Dr. Pamela Barnes 13 October 2013 I. Introduction Whole Foods Market is one of the biggest organic and natural whole food suppliers in the world. They provide a wide variety of select foods that are without hormones or antibiotics and are stamped with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s stamp of approval. They value the fact thatRead MoreWhole Foods Case980 Words   |  4 PagesWhole Foods Market Case Whole Foods Market has evolved into one of the largest retailers of natural and organic foods. This company s rapid growth and market success has to do with being a mission-driven company. Whole Foods is highly selective about what they sell and are dedicated to their core values. Whole Food s integrated strategy consists of growth, differentiation, merchandising, and customer service. This strategic plan was aimed at expanding its operations to offer high quality andRead MoreWhole Foods Market, 2005: Will There Be Enough Organic Food to Satisfy the Growing Demand?1485 Words   |  6 PagesCase 11 Whole Foods Market, 2005: Will there be enough organic food to satisfy the growing demand? Summary Whole food market is the world’s leading retailer of natural and organic food industry. A firm believer in the virtuous circle entwining food chain, human being and mother earth, they conduct their business true and consistent to their business mission and vision by producing the highest quality of products for its customers and high profits for its investors. Being a philanthropist andRead MoreWhole Foods Market : Vision, Core Values, And Strategy Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesStefan Sjekloca 09/17/2016 Case Study Whole Foods Market in 2014: Vision, Core Values, and Strategy 1) Merchandise strategy, Whole Foods Market concentrates in having an interactive atmosphere in their stores. The way the setup their products makes people want to keep buying, they make it an inviting atmosphere with a lot of colorful dà ©cor, they try to make it a community as itself. In the stores they have a lot of sitting areas like bakeries, coffee shops, open kitchens, and etc. Their main focusRead MoreWhole Foods Entering Foreign Market965 Words   |  4 PagesExecutive Summary: Whole Foods was founded in 1990 with a mission to offer good, wholesome food with an emphasis on natural and organic food. Through a series of acquisitions and expansions Whole Foods is a major grocery store representing organic products in the United States, Canada and the U.K. It is consistently ranked in the top 100 best companies to work for and the top 100 best Corporate Citizens. Business Proposal: This document outlines the possibility of Whole Foods expanding into theRead MoreWhole Foods Inc Case Study1200 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Industry Overview The Whole Foods Inc was founded in 1980 by john Mackey, from a local supermarket store on safe grocery. Since then, it has grown into the world’s largest retail store all kinds of organic and natural foods. As of 2004, the annual sales were recorded as $8 billion. It has approximately 264 stores in the USA, 6 in Canada and 5 in the United Kingdom (Thomson, 2010). The headquarters are located on an 80,000 square feet flagship store in Austin, Texas. Over the yearsRead MoreThe Grocery Market And Natural Food Retail Chain Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe grocery market and natural-food retail chain that is being represented can be explained though the Porter’s 5 Forces Model because it has categories that are important when describing any industry. Porter’s 5 Forces include supplier power, buyer power, established rivals, new entrants, and substitutes and these can all be used to describe how profitable a firm will be in the industry. Supplier power in this marke t is high because of the uniqueness of goods. Buyer power in the market is low dueRead MoreMarketing Plan For Whole Foods Market1554 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction / History / Company Background Whole Foods Market first opened on September 20, 1980 in Austin, Texas, which is the company headquarters. The founders were John Mackey, Renee Lawson, Craig Weller, and Mark Skiles. These four business people decided that the natural food industry was ready for a supermarket format. The current CEO’s are John Mackey and Walter Robb IV (Whole Foods Market History, 2015). Whole Foods Market stock ticker symbol is WFM and their NACIS code is 445110 (WFM MorningstarRead MoreStrategic Management-Whole Food Market Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesStrategic Management-Whole Food Market Whole Foods Market competes in the industry of grocery products. As it come to light from the study his industry is highly competitive. This market’s traites are the low prices and convenience are the dominant factors driving consumers to the supermarkets today. The emergence of the supermarkets in the 1930s was result of a three major changes in society: 1.,The shift in population from rural to urban areas.; 2., An increase in disponsable income.; 3., IncreaseRead More1.The Disruption Of Significant Supplier Relationships1383 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships could negatively affect the business. The company is overly dependent on its supplier (United Natural Foods, Inc.), more than 30% of their total purchases in 2016 are from the same supplier. If the relationship with the supplier become difficult or it is cancelled the company may face serious problems of supplying. 2. A loss in consumer confidence in the safety and quality of certain food products could materially impact the results of the operations. One of the company’s competitive advantage

The Achaemenid Era Of The Persian Empire - 1652 Words

The Achaemenid Era of The Persian Empire was founded in 550 BCE. At its height of power it the empire â€Å"encompassed approximately 3 million square miles, spanning three continents: Asia, Africa and Europe.† (Persian) The true rise to power of the Persian Empire can be attributed back to one man, Cyrus the Great. Cyrus was born to Camyses I, the King Ansan, and his wife, Mandane. (Religion p. 3) When Cyrus became King his Kingdom was still forced to recognize the Median Lordship of Astyages, a dynasty that had ruled the area for the previous 150 years. In 559 BCE Cyrus formed a rebellion against the Astyages and upon his victory married his daughter Amytis cementing the Medes and Persians together to begin the forming of the Persian Empire. (Briant p. 33) It is believed, although some scholars dispute, that in 547 BCE Cyrus conquered the Lydian Empire and Asia Minor. It must be noted that Cyrus did not attack the Lydian Empire outright, but only responded after Lyd ia attacked the Persian city of Pteria. In response to the attack Cyrus started his campaign against the Lydian empire and did not stop until he had united all of Asia Minor. In 540 BCE Cyrus invaded and conquered the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Again it should be noted that the Neo-Babylonian Empire has conquered many Kingdoms and Cyrus used this as the justification of his invasion. After taking Babylon, Cyrus declared himself â€Å"King of Babylon and King of the four corners of the world.† (Cyrus)Show MoreRelatedThe Empire Of The Persian Empire1051 Words   |  5 Pagesup resulting in a huge change. The leader of the Persian realm named Cyrus was able to gain much territory after a ruler from Lydia named Croesus attempted to provoke Cyrus. Winter was approaching and Croesus was expecting Cyrus to retreat while he retreating back to his capital at Sardis. After, Cyrus was able to invade and take Sardis successfully. This victory over Lydia was significant in aiding the dev elopment and expansion of the Persian empire. There were important social, economic, and culturalRead MoreThe Greek And Persian Empires1156 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the years, many historians have acknowledged that the classical era was a time when Greek and Persian Empires flourished. With that being said, from approximately 323-800 B.C.E., both the Greek and Persian Empire were experiencing periods of economic, political, and artistic growth. The Persians, like the Greeks, were Indo Europeans, and were located by the Mediterranean Sea, which consequently allowed Greeks and Persians to develop similarities. At this time, many emerging civilizations lackedRead MoreHow Did The Persian Kings Control And Govern The Various Parts Of Their Realm?2543 Words   |  11 Pages Griffin Bassman Professor Frame Ancient Near East History 12/5/14 How did the Persian kings control/govern the various parts of their realm? Consider at least three different geographical areas The origins of Cyrus the Great are rather unclear and highly disputed. Multiple accounts range from him being the grandson of the Median King Astyages to being the son of a poor Persian family of a disreputable clan. Although there can be no certainty, as with most everything from the ancientRead MoreThe Capitol And Administrative Center Of Darius Empire906 Words   |  4 Pageslater great Achaemenid empire. 2. Persepolis pg. 162 The capitol and administrative center of Darius massive empire. Significance- The biggest city to exist at the time wit the most complex governing, city structure, and buildings of the era, a massive monument to Darius empire. 3. Satrapies pg. 163 A form of government that allowed people, called satraps, selected by the ruler to govern smaller areas, similar to states and governors. Significance- This system allowed a massive empire to be governedRead MoreThe Rise Of The Century King Cyrus And Emperor Constantine1305 Words   |  6 Pagescentral figures in Judaism and Christianity, two of the world’s major organized religions. Cyrus and Constantine took over many lands and built their huge empires on a religious foundation through their autonomous military, economic policies and religious fanaticisms. King Cyrus of the Persian Empire and Emperor Constantine of the Roman Empire seized control over neighboring cities with their military strength and later introduce their new religious policies onto the inhabitants living in the landRead MoreThe Formation of Achaemenid Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesThe Formation of Achaemenid Persia has always been known to its own people as Iran ( the land of Aryans ), although for centuries it was referred to as Persia (Pars or Fars ) by Europeans. In 1935 the government specified that it should be called Iran; however, in 1949 they allowed both names to be used. Most people today, know Persia through its carpet , its caviar, or through its importance as one of the worlds major oil producer countries. Yet,Persia has one of theRead MoreThe Rise Of The Century King Cyrus And Emperor Constantine1302 Words   |  6 Pagescentral figures in Judaism and Christianity, two of the world’s major organized religions. Cyrus and Constantine took over many lands and built their huge empires on a religious foundation through their autonomous military, economic policies and religious fanaticisms. King Cyrus of the Persian Empire and Emperor Constantine of the Roman Empire seized control over neighboring cities with their military strength and later introduce their new religious policies onto the inhabitants living in the landRead MoreDay of Empire Essay2004 Words   |  9 PagesDay Of Empire Summer Reading Essay Empires have dominated our globe for centuries on, yet no one has linked the connection between how these empires rise, and what causes their reign to end. Through collective studies, Day Of Empire author  Amy Chua  presents a persuasive theory which argues that hyper powers achieved their world dominance through tolerance of culture and religion, as well as the individuals residing in the conquered society, amassing their talents for the benefit of theRead MoreThe War Of The Persian War854 Words   |  4 PagesGreece there were many famous wars and conquerors, in every era. These wars were all recorded in early history and lasted a couple of years. The only one that was not, or is thought to be made up, is the Trojan War. The only things they can go off of are the stories and the ruins of the city of Troy. Another famous war was the Persian wars. This war was the first big war between the persian empire and Spartans/Athens. After the Persian war, the Peloponnesian war too k place, which was led by spartaRead MoreThe Conquests and Legacy of Alexander the Great Essay860 Words   |  4 Pagesendeavors echoed far and wide, bringing about new eras and ideas to the world. Alexander earned his place in the world’s history and is worthy of the title ‘The Great’ because of his military prowess, his idealism and his legacy. During the course of his life and reign, Alexander had fought and won many battles and wars, defeating many kings and warlords throughout the ancient world. Perhaps his most recognized conquest was of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and its ‘King of Kings’ Darius III during

Batman essay Free Essays

Brace’s father and mother were killed, when Bruce as a child, insisted that they leave a play hat had bats in it; they were gunned down by a low-life thug, who panicked when things during the robbery got heated. Bruce, left with a guilty conscience that it was his fault that his parents were killed, turned to a life of crime and was eventually sent to Jail. After meeting Era’s al ghoul he was trained to be a warrior. We will write a custom essay sample on Batman essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now To Bruce, this was a chance to try and save Gotcha from people like Falconer. When Bruce was to be tested by executing a prisoner of the League of Shadows (the organization that Bruce was trained by). He couldn’t do it, because if he did, he would be doing the same thing that he is punishing criminals for, so Instead of falling to the dark, and twisted path, he flees the League of Shadows, leaving a destroyed â€Å"DODOS† behind him; a path set for the salvation of Gotcha before him. Bruce decided to use a symbol, the bat to begin his campaign of Justice. Bruce becomes the batman and took his Justice to a corrupted Gotcha, a place his father had set to save, was now In the hands of Bruce Wayne, the Batman. Batman brought the fear to people Like Falconer and Dry. Crane ND he saved many people from thugs that Infected the city throughout. The Bat’s Idea of Justice was to save people, and maybe reach a peace In his heart from a life wasted, sitting In the type of rot his father always wished to cure Gotcha of. Henry Ducal tells Bruce that Justice Is balance: an eye-for-eye and tooth-for-tooth. As an example Ducal burns down Wayne Manor because Bruce had burned down Ducat’s house. â€Å"Consider us even,† Ducal said. According to Ducal, Justice and revenge are one and the same. However Brace’s Love, Rachel Dates responds very Nintendo to Bruce when he says he wanted to kill the man who murdered his parents because they deserved Justice. Rachel says that there Is a difference between Justice and revenge: â€Å"Justice Is about harmony,† compared to â€Å"revenge Is about making yourself feel better. At the end, Bruce rejects Ducat’s definition of Justice and tells Rachel she was right: â€Å"Justice Is about more than revenge. † However the man who murdered Brace’s parents was killed but not by Bruce. Falcon says that the power of fear Is the kind batman essay By mathematical hinge that he is punishing criminals for, so instead of falling to the dark, and twisted path, he flees the League of Shadows, leaving a destroyed †Å"DODOS’ behind him; a path corrupted Gotcha, a place his father had set to save, was now in the hands of Bruce Wayne, the Batman. Batman brought the fear to people like Falconer and Dry. Crane and he saved many people from thugs that infected the city throughout. The Bat’s idea of Justice was to save people, and maybe reach a peace in his heart from a life wasted, sitting in the type of rot his father always wished to cure Gotcha of. Henry Ducal tells Bruce that Justice is balance: an eye-for-eye and tooth-for-tooth. As an parents because they deserved Justice. Rachel says that there is a difference between Justice and revenge: â€Å"Justice is about harmony,† compared to â€Å"revenge is about making yourself feel better. † At the end, Bruce rejects Ducat’s definition of justice and tells Rachel she was right: â€Å"Justice is about more than revenge. † However the man who murdered Brace’s parents was killed but not by Bruce. Falcons says that the power of fear is the kind How to cite Batman essay, Essays

Effect of HMG- Coa Lyase Deficiency-Free-Samples for Students

Question: You will research your selected Disease using Primary Literature, and Construct a written report that Describes the Diseases Biochemical basis Compared to a Healthy Individual's Biochemistry, Methods of screening, and both Current and Future treatment Options. Answer: HMG- CoA lyase deficiency also known as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency is a disorder that is inherited and is not common1. This disease was first explained by Faull in the year 1976 and it is reported that every 1 individual in 1, 00,000 is suffered by this disease12. HMG- CoA lyase ( HL) is an enzyme that is present in the mitochondria and catalyzes the reaction in which HMG-CoA breaks down into acetyl CoA and acetocetate4. This is the finalstep of the ketogenesis process and catabolism of leucine.This disease involves a lack of processing an amino acid called as leucine in the mitochondria which helps in the formation of proteins14. In this disorder the body is also not able to make ketones in the liver which play an important role in providing energy by being used up in the body during fasting that is lack of food3. This disease is screened during the birth of the child. It leads to various symptoms such as lethargy, vomiting, low sugar in the blood also known as hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis in which the toxic compounds combine together and increase the acidity of blood, infection and coma1. This paper demonstrates the comparison of biochemical aspects of the patients suffering from HMG- CoA deficiency with the biochemical aspects of a healthy individual. It also demonstrates the methods of screening the disease and the current and the future treatment options. According to the researchers, around 60-70% of the new born patients suffer from the deficiency of HMG CoA Lyase enzyme and around 30 % of the neonatal babies suffer during the period between 2nd and 5th day from the day they are born16. The patients also suffer from symptoms similar to Reye syndrome such as encelopathy, hepatomegaly and hyperammonemia. A deficiency in the HMGCL gene leads to HMG-CoA lyase deficiency5. HMGCL gene plays an important role in the formation of an enzyme 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase (HMG-CoA lyase) and also helps in the processing of leucine and breaking proteins and fats to provide energy to the body18. A decrease in the activity of HMG-CoA lyase occurs due to the mutation in the HMGCLgene and hence it becomes difficult for the body to process leucine and form ketones in a proper manner19. Due to the inability of processing of leucine, it results in the accumulation of different byproducts that are chemical in nature and can lead to metabolic acidosis. A lack of ketones leads to a low level of glucose in the blood of the patient which leads to a damage in the cell and the tissues specifically in the central nervous system7. A healthy individual has a HMG- CoA lyase enzyme that is encoded by the HMGCL gene that is present on chromosome number one19. The pancreas and the liver of the healthy individuals have the highest activity of HMG- CoA lyase enzyme. The pancreas has a high capacity of ketogenic activity and moderate activity in skeletal muscle and the testis. It helps in providing energy to the individuals and prevents hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis. It also prevents the accumulation of toxic substances in the blood21. In a normal healthy individual, ketones act as a minor substrate to provide energy to the myocardium. During starvation, intake of diet rich in fats and the proteins, ketones get utilized in a proper manner. But during the deficiency of HMG- CoA lyase enzyme, the substrates that provide energy that is ketones get reduced leading to the dysfunction of myocardium. Beta oxidation of fatty acids produce ketones and 60-90% of the energy is provided to myocardium and the energy that is remaining is provided by glucose6. The utilization of mitochondrial enzyme regulates the uptake of fatty acids and prevents the accumulation at intracellular level. But the deficiency of HMG- CoA lyase enzyme impairs this regulatory process and leads to cytotoxicity of myochondria and dysfunctioning which leads to the accumulation of fatty acids at intracellular level22. In a normal healthy individual, carnitine plays an important role in the normal functioning of the myocardium. Fatty acids get transported from the mitochondria into the cytosol for beta- oxidation by a process known as carnitin palmitoyltransferase shuttle system24. Carnitine also has various other function such that it helps in scavenging the free radicals, helps in the metabolism of amino acids that are branched-chain, acts as a cofactor in the oxidation of fatty acids that are long-chain and also the process of nuclear transcription23.But during the deficiency of HMG- CoA lyase enzyme, there is an occurrence of the deficiency of secondary carnitine due to the esterification of free carnitine to 3-methylglutarylcarnitine5.It has been reported that Levo-carnitineplays an important role in the dilatation process of left ventricle and the increase the rate of survival in patients suffering from dilated cardiomyopathy2. Screening of the newborn babies is crucial to test whether he or she is suffering from any disease as they can be deadly and lead to the death of the baby if left untreated. Some newborns also suffer from the diseases they dont have any family history. Screening of the deficiency of HMG- CoA enzyme in the deficiency of newborn babies is done by using a technique known as tandem mass spectrometry27.If the results show an increase in the level of C5-OH (3-hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine) it is possible that the newborn is suffering from the deficiency of HMG- CoA lyase enzyme28.If the results appear to be positive doctor should immediately check the clinical condition of the newborn and consult with a doctor specialized in this field. A urine organic analysis or plasma acylcarnitine analysis on the newborn baby is performed to confirm the deficiency of HMG- CoA enzyme26. Supportive care should be provided to such patients which is specialized care to get relieved from pain and stress, both physical and mental30. It involves various doctors, nurses and other healthcare professionals to work in collaboration to help the patient in managing the disease and the treatment by the patients .The parents and other family members should be given a proper counseling and psychosocial care to the patients in order to improve emotional health and get rid of pain, anxiety, distress and low self esteem developed due to the disease8.Various other tests such as genetic testing that is the testing of DNA is also performed to check for the genes that cause the disease29. In Ontario, a heel- prick is used to collect the blood sample from the newborn babies and check for the deficiency of HMG- CoA lyase enzyme and various other diseases21. Testing of DNA is also performed in women who are pregnant to check for the presence of disease in the fetus by using Chorionic Villus Sampling which is a specialized test30. It is mainly done during the 10th and the 12th week of pregnancy. A process called as amniocentesis is also performed to check for the deficiency of HMG- CoA lyase enzyme23. It involves collection of fluid using a needle from the sac present around the fetus. This test is performed during the 13th and 20 th week of pregnancy11. Sometimes testing of the urine sample of the baby is also performed to check the level of acid and other toxic substances10. However, countries having a greater number of the disease, the newborn babies are also screened for various mutations such as such as c.122GA, c.109GT and c.504_505delCT in Spain, Saudi Arabia and P ortugal4 The parents of the newborn patients should be counseled and provided psychosocial care to prevent depression and anxiety if their newborn baby suffers from the deficiency of HMG- CoA lyase enzyme. The treatment method for the deficiency of HMG- CoA lyase enzyme lasts for a life time if detected29. It is a difficult procedure to cure the disease in a complete manner. However, if the treatment is provided early and in a careful manner it can lead to normal growth and development of the newborn and cure the disease to a great extent but there is no permanent cure of the disease14. If there are no serious complications during the diagnosis of the disease, it takes less time to get better in the newborns and when they become adults, they are diagnosed with the absence of symptoms related to the disease. It requires proper guidance, management and monitoring of the disease for the well being of the newborn baby by the nurses, clinicians, dieticians, geneticists and other health care professionals30. There are various treatment methods for the deficiency of HMG-CoA lyase such as nutritional therapy in which the patients are advised a diet having low leucine and high content of carbohydrates, calories and protein to achieve metabolic balance and develop proper growth and development23. These patients are also advised the supplementation of L-Carnitine to remove the toxic substances from the body from the urine by the excretion process18. However, L-Carnitine plays an important role in the prevention of development of diseases related to the muscles of the heart27. In the acute phase of the disease which depends on the symptoms of the patient, glucose is administered by intravenous means to control low sugar level in the blood and bicarbonate to prevent acidosis13. Maintenance therapy is also advised to new born patients to remove the toxic substances in the body by providing a balanced diet containing specific fat and proteins. It is recommended to prevent fasting during an acute phase of the disease and the main aim of nutritional therapy is to avoid excess catabolic activity, low blood sugar levels and metabolic acidosis18. Monitoring of the amino acids present in plasma and growth of the infant is essential at regular intervals to make sure that the intake of leucine and proteins is adequate12. The deficiency of leucine leads to low weight gain, irritation, loss of hair, loss of appetite and skin rashes10. If the intake of leucine is in excess it may accumulate organic acids to in the body leading to metabolic acidosis9. For younger children, a formula of routine infant is used to provide an adequate amount of leucine by giving milk which contains a natural protein10. The plasma samples should be taken after the meal is taken by the patients.The patient might suffer from the disease complications despite of adequate nutritional therapy if the newborn baby suffers from any kind of infection such as viral infection, ear infection or gastroenteritis2. It becomes essential to maintain the homeostasis at biochemical level. There has been research going on various novel methods of treatment for this disease such as studying various components in urine by using NMR- spectroscopy technique and MRI of brain2. It can be concluded that HMG- CoA lyase deficiency is a rare inherited autosomal disorder1. It involves the lack of processing an amino acid called as leucine present in the mitochondria which helps in the formation of proteins. In this disorder the body is also not able to make ketones in the liver which play an important role in providing energy by being used up in the body during fasting that is lack of food. This disease is screened during the birth of the child. During the deficiency of HMG- CoA lyase enzyme, the substrates that provide energy that is ketones get reduced leading to the dysfunction. Screening of the deficiency of HMG- CoA enzyme in the deficiency of newborn babies is done by using a technique known as tandem mass spectrometry.If the results show an increase in the level of C5-OH (3-hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine) it is possible that the newborn is suffering from the deficiency of HMG- CoA lyase enzyme. The treatment method for the deficiency of HMG- CoA lyase enzyme lasts for a life time if detected. Newborn babies suffering from deficiency of HMG- CoA enzyme require nutritional therapy and supportive care that is specialized care provided by the nurses, clinicians and other healthcare professionals. Various novel methods of treatment for this disease have been researched such as studying various components in urine by using spectroscopy technique and MRI of brain to check the abnormal peaks and diagnose the disease. References Wst, R. C., Visser, G., Wanders, R. J., Houtkooper, R. H,Ketones and inborn errors of metabolism: old friends revisited.2017; 1-2. Roland, D., Jissendi-Tchofo, P., Briand, G., Vamecq, J., Fontaine, M., Ultr, V. Coupled brain and urine spectroscopy-in vivo metabolomic characterization of HMG-CoA lyase deficiency in 5 patients.Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 2017;111-118 Kksal, T., Gndz, M., zayd?n, E., Azak, E. 3-HMG Coenzyme A Lyase Deficiency: Macrocephaly and Left Ventricular Noncompaction with a Novel Mutation.The Indian Journal of Pediatrics,2015; 82(7), 645-648. Puisac, B., Teresa-Rodrigo, M. E., Arnedo, M., Gil-Rodrguez, M. C., Prez-Cerd, C., Ribes, A.,. Analysis of aberrant splicing and nonsense-mediated decay of the stop codon mutations c. 109G T and c. 504_505delCT in 7 patients with HMG-CoA lyase deficiency.Molecular genetics and metabolism, 2013;108(4), 232-240. Nyhan, W. L., Klker, S., Hoffmann, G. F.Approach to the Child Suspected of Having a Disorder of Fatty Acid Oxidation. InInherited Metabolic Diseases, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017;pp. 107-111 Grnert, S. C., Schlatter, S. M., Schmitt, R. N., Gemperle-Britschgi, C., Mrzov, L., Balc?, M,. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase deficiency: Clinical presentation and outcome in a series of 37 patients.Molecular Genetics and Metabolism,2017 Fukao, T., Mitchell, G., Sass, J. O., Hori, T., Orii, K., Aoyama, Y. Ketone body metabolism and its defects.Journal of inherited metabolic disease,2014;37(4), 541-551. Alharby, E., Malibari, O., Al-Otaibi, H. S., Saud, M., Al-Harbi, G., Samman, M. I., Basit, S.Recurrent mutation in the HMGCL gene in a family segregating HMG-CoA lyase deficiency.International Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology,2016;8(3), 11-17. Pitt, J. J., Peters, H., Boneh, A., Yaplito-Lee, J., Wieser, S., Hinderhofer, K., ... Zschocke, J. Mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency: urinary organic acid profiles and expanded spectrum of mutations.Journal of inherited metabolic disease,2015; 38(3), 459-466. Pipitone, A., Raval, D. B., Duis, J., Vernon, H., Martin, R., Hamosh, A., ... Gunay?Aygun,M. The management of pregnancy and delivery in 3?hydroxy?3?methylglutaryl?CoA lyase deficiency.American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A,2016; 170(6), 1600-1602. Baynes, C., John W. "CHAPTER Metabolism of Lipids in Liver Oxidative and Muscle."Medical Biochemistry E-Book.2014; Morris, V., Andrew AM., "Disorders of ketogenesis and ketolysis."Inborn Metabolic Diseases. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016;215-221. Faust, B., Phyllis L., and Werner J. Kovacs. "Cholesterol biosynthesis and ER stress in peroxisome deficiency."Biochimie98 .2014; 75-85. Shinawi, C., Marwan S., and L. Abu-Elheiga. "Fatty acid metabolism and defects."Inborn Errors of Metabolism: From Neonat. Screen. Metab. Pathways64 .2014; Bargut, V., Thereza C., Lonzetti, et al. "Effects of a diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on hepatic lipogenesis and beta-oxidation in mice."Lipids5 .2014;431-444. Fan, N., Jilian, et al. "Arabidopsis lipins, PDAT1 acyltransferase, and SDP1 triacylglycerol lipase synergistically direct fatty acids toward -oxidation, thereby maintaining membrane lipid homeostasis."The Plant Cell10 .2014; 4119-4134. Nakamura. M., Manabu T., Barbara E., Yudell, and Juan J., "Regulation of energy metabolism by long-chain fatty acids."Progress in lipid research53 2014;124-144. Wanders,W., Ronald JA., Ben JHM Poorthuis, and Richard JT Rodenburg. "Enzyme Diagnostics in a Changing World of Exome Sequencing and Newborn Screening as Exemplified for Peroxisomal, Mitochondrial, and Lysosomal Disorders."Inherited Metabolic Diseases. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017;461-487. Villoria, T., Judit Garcia, et al. "Neonatal Screening for Inherited Metabolic Diseases in 2016."Seminars in Pediatric Neurology. Vol. 23. No. 4. WB Saunders, 2016. Pratt, G., Mandy, and Michele Wood, eds.Art therapy in palliative care: The creative response. Routledge, 2015 Wiener, B., Lori, et al. "Threading the cloak: palliative care education for care providers of adolescents and young adults with cancer."Clinical oncology in adolescents and young adults5 ;2015 Gilbert-Barness, Y., E., Barness, L. A., Farrell, P. M. . Prenatal Diagnosis and Newborn Screening.Metabolic Diseases: Foundations of Clinical Management, Genetics, and Pathology,2017; Hao, K., Xiaosheng, et al. "3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria with bilateral basal ganglia lesion: A case report."Experimental and therapeutic medicine6 .2016;2573-2576. Duis, L., Jessica. "Genetics: Metabolism and Dysmorphology."The Harriet Lane Handbook E-Book.2014; Morris, D., Lindsey L., and Russell A. DeBose-Boyd. "Membrane Extraction of HMG CoA Reductase as Determined by Susceptibility of Lumenal Epitope to In Vitro Protease Digestion."Cholesterol Homeostasis: Methods and Protocols.2017; 193-199. 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Advanced Mouse Processing in Delphi Applications

Advanced Mouse Processing in Delphi Applications You might already know how to handle some basic mouse events like MouseUp/MouseDown and MouseMove. However, there are times when you want your mouse to do what you tell it. Basic API stuff Many of us write programs that are designed to work only with the mouse. If we are writing programs that require mouse presence and/or are dependent on the mouse we have to be sure that various things are set up the right way. Is Mouse Present? The quickest way to see if the mouse is present: Animated Mouse Cursor Heres how to use animated cursors (or even how to use a BMP as a CUR): Positioning the Mouse The SetCursorPos API function moves the cursor to the specified screen coordinates. Since this function does not get a windows handle as a parameter, x/y have to be screen coordinates. Your component does use relative coordinates, e.g. relative to a TForm. You have to use the ClientToScreen function to calculate the proper screen coordinates. Simulations On most occasions we want the mouse to move to a certain position on the screen. We know that some components do not respond to a cursor change until the user moves the mouse, we have to provide some small move-from-code technique. And what about simulation mouse clicks without calling the OnClick event handler? The following example will simulate mouse click event on Button2 after the click to Button1. We have to use mouse_event() API call. The mouse_event function synthesizes mouse motion and button clicks. Mouse coordinates given are in Mickeys, where there are 65535 Mickeys to a screens width. Restrict The Mouse Movement Using the Windows API function ClipCursor, it is possible to restrict the movement of the mouse to a specific rectangular region on the screen: Mouse Enter, Mouse Leave? Detecting entering and exiting of the mouse pointer over a component is often coming up when writing your own component. All descendants of TComponent send a CM_MOUSEENTER and CM_MOUSELEAVE message when the mouse enters and leaves the bounds of the component. You will need to write a message handler for the respective messages if we wish to respond to them.

The Niagara Movement essays

The Niagara Movement essays In the very late 1800s Booker T. Washington believed that African-Americans should best gain equality to whites through establishing a solid labor force, and accommodating to the existing beliefs of the governments idea of segregation and inequality. In an effort to overcome Washingtons ideals, twenty-nine men including John Hope, Monroe Trotterand, and W.E.B. Dubois, whom believed that Washingtons doctrine was "born out of present reality", formed a group which they called the Niagara Movement. This movement was first organized on July 11 through 14, 1905 on the Canadian side of the Niagara Falls. The name originated from its first meeting as well as the thought of creating a mighty current of protest among the people. The movement served as a tool to help the African-American population at the time, to move forward and away from the suppression that they were being coated with by the racist white community. The ideals created by Washington would have not proven effective in the latter years opposed to those enforced by the leaders of the Niagara Movement. This submissive effort created by Washington to move on, would have left the African-American population subjected to more abuse, because it had been proven before by others in similar situations that passivity was not a route to take. It only led those who had tried to be thrown into jail, persecuted, beaten, or killed. The leaders of the Niagara Movement showed that it took force as well as determination to get what they wanted. The movement itself proved that just the effort of those 170 members opened the doors for many others to attempt the abolition of segregation along with the Jim Crow laws. Despite its impressive beginning, the Niagara Movement did not last too long, but it did leave a lasting impression on others. It sparked a chain reaction to a peaceful, yet defiant and strong movement, starting with occurrences such as Rosa ...

International marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International marketing - Assignment Example 67). The Coca-Cola brand is currently sold in over 200 countries. The Coca-Cola Company head quarter is situated in Atlanta, Georgia (Susan, Douglas &Samuel 2005, p.91). The company has as well employed over 300, 000 employees around the world. Over 70% of the company’s products are sold in international market. Due to its accessibility and subsidised cost, the brand has turned out to be one of the most preferred soft drink in the world. The company’s success in global market is significantly brought about by its effective globalisation strategies and strong foothold in many countries. The company’s main competitors are: Cadbury-Schweppes and PepsiCo. Coca-cola however clams over 47% of the global market, with PepsiCo and Cadbury-Schweppes claiming 21% and 8% respectively. The essay below therefore seeks to unveil the Coca-Cola Company standardisation strategy and its impacts to global market. ... The main aim of this strategy is to integrate its global operation by encouraging strong organisational culture. Coca-Cola Company has in the last 25 years systematically changed its standardisation strategy to meet market demands and customers’ needs (Calof & Beamish 2005, p. 131). 1996 standardisation strategy In 1996, the company adopted a very rigid standardisation strategy which was aimed at producing similar flavour of coke brand to all countries across the world. The company as a result produced Coca-Cola brand with similar quality, quantity, and content in all its global production plants (Coca-Cola website, 2012, par. 4). The bottle design and branding were as well identical. This strategy was different from the previous strategy which focused on producing dissimilar brand in different markets. The new strategy was therefore, represented by tagline â€Å"think global, act global†. The strategy proved to be very success in many parts of the world (Zyman 2009, P. 23). As a result, the company registered one of its highest profits in its history. In 1997, the Coca-Cola Company earned 67% of its total revenue. Standardising its products also popularised the company’s Coca-Cola products in global market. Standardising global finance Following the 1999 financial crises in Asian countries, the Coca-Cola Company decided to improve its strategy by standardising its global prices. This was due to the huge loss that was incurred by the company in 1999 financial year. The company witnessed a one third decrease in its profit. To prevent future loss, the company opted to harmonise the prices of its products in the world in order to dominate the global market. To ensure acceptability and profitability of the Coca-Cola brand, the company used loss

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How the revolution affect the cultural and human relationship - Essay Example This was initiated in between 1966-1976 by Mao Zedong the chairman of the Communist Party of China at the time. The movement had significant influence on the people of China an estimated a quarter of the entire humanity today socially and also economically. In Liangs autobiography the revolution affected his family and his adequate access to education in their hometown of Changsha as a result its turbulent political campaigns. The effects of the revolution are seen in the entire life of Liang Heng starting from his family break up, being sent to the countryside for "re-education and later on as Liang works as a factory worker (Liang, 1983). Despite the revolution starting as a political campaign in the Peoples Republic of China, the revolution had immense effect on the cultural and human relationships with the people of China as Liang Heng writes in his book "Son of the Revolution" (Liang, H. 1983). Among the effects on the cultural relationships is seen in the education system. The revolution affected the intellect in the society as they were the ones running the central government operations at all levels of administration. Liangs father and mother had attained a high school education by this time. The revolution saw many young and energetic Chinese make an effort to attain higher education to be considered for better employment including Liangs himself. The cultural relationship between education and revisionist was changed during the revolution. Many saw higher education later on as a gateway to satisfactory job and decent housing (Jiang, 2007). The revolution affected the human relationship within many Chinese families including Liangs family. During the Hundred Flower Campaign Liang Hengs mother was sent away for labor reform as it was called during the time of the revolution (Liang, 1983). This was mainly due to Liang Hengs comment. This brought about the first division of

Review of the N314D Point Mutation on the GALT Gene and its Term Paper

Review of the N314D Point Mutation on the GALT Gene and its Relationship to Galactosemia Type I - Term Paper Example The UDP- galactose, found in the liver and erythrocytes, is required for the major cell functions like chemical signaling, building cellular structures, transporting molecules and producing energy. Since, galactose-1-phosphate is toxic to the parenchymal cells present prominently in liver, kidney and brain, accumulation of it in those organs leads to severe damage to them. According to Fleisher (2012), this disease severely attacks 20% of the patients at the infant stage itself, and so Galactosemia type I is screened when an individual is still in their infancy. The procedure, which utilizes dried blood on filter paper, screens for galactosemia by performing analysis on the total galactose (galactose and galactose-1-phosphate), as well as the activity of the GALT enzyme itself. While effective, false positives frequently occur due to environmental factors and the high frequency of the Duarte-D2 mutation (N314D). (Carney et al., 2009). Environmental factors such as heat and humidity, as well as sample handling procedures, may affect the GALT assay providing for low activity and false positive results. The variation in the results may be even due to the sample handling procedures. Infants die within a few days on exposure to milk, as lactose sugar present in the milk gets converted into galactose and this galactose accumulates in the infants. The accumu lation of galactose-1-phosphate may lead to cirrhosis, cataract and severe mental retardation. Infants with this disease will have hemolysis, albuminaria and elevated clotting times, with hepatomegaly being the common cause. (Fleisher, 2012). If undiagnosed, or left untreated, the mortality rate in infants is nearly 75% (Elsas et al., 1994). Additionally, even with a properly controlled, galactose-free diet, adults with galactosemia typically develop symptoms as they grow older, some of these symptoms include learning

The Rise Of The Nazis History Essay

The Rise Of The Nazis History Essay Adolf Hitler was born an Austrian citizen and Roman Catholic at 6:30 PM on April 20 1889 at an inn called the Gasthof Zum Pommer in the town of Braunau-am-inn. Adolfs father- Alois Hitler- constantly reinforced correct behaviour with, sometimes very violent, punishment. After Adolfs elder brother- Alois- fled from home at the age of 14, Adolf became his fathers chief target of rage. At the same time, Adolfs mother- Klara Pà ¶lzl- showered her son with love and affection, as any mother would. When Adolf was three years of age, the Hitler family moved to Passau, along the Inn River on the German side of the border. The family moved once again in 1895 to the farming community of Hafield. Following another family move, Adolf lived for six months across from a large Benedictine monastery. As a youngster, the young boys dream was to enter the priesthood. However, by 1900, his artistic talents surfaced. Adolf was educated at the local village and monastery schools and, at age 11, Hitler was doing well enough to be eligible for either the university preparatory gymnasium or the technical/scientific Realschule (secondary school). Alois Hitler enrolled his son in the latter, hoping that he might become a civil servant. This was not to be. Adolf would later claim that he wanted to be an artist and he deliberately failed his examinations to spite his father. In 1903, Alois Hitler died from a pleural hemorrhage, leaving his family with enough money to live comfortably without needing to work. In 1905, Adolf left school for good. The following year he visited Vienna where he tried and failed to enter the School of Fine Arts, and the School of Architecture would not accept him without academic qualification. In 1907, Klara Pà ¶lzl developed terminal breast cancer. After an operation and many expensive and painful treatments with a dangerous drug, she died on December 21, 1907. Traumatized by the loss of his mother, Adolf moved to Vienna and, once again, failed to enter the School of Fine Arts. He stayed in Vienna, living in hostels and earning money by drawing posters for shops and postcard views of the city for passers-by. Adolf Hitler neither drank nor smoked. Being rather shy and awkward- with both men and women- he had few friends. Hitler read widely, losing all that remained of his religious faith, and replacing it with half-formed ideas of politics, philosophy and culture. World War One And The Peace Treaty of Versailles In 1913, Adolf Hitler moved to Munich, Germany, to avoid the risk of conscription in Vienna. However, this does not mean that he was a coward. When the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Slav terrorists in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, World War One began, and Hitler was quick to enlist in German Army. He joined the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment and, indeed, made a very good soldier. For once, his life had a purpose and he greatly enjoyed the comradeship, danger and the chance to wear a uniform. Excluding a short spell in hospital from 1916-1917, Hitler served as a company runner on the Western Front throughout the war. In reward for his brilliant service, Hitler was promoted to corporal and received two Iron Crosses, one of them the very rare Iron Cross First Class. Hitler, having been temporarily blinded by mustard gas in October 1918, was in hospital when an armistice was reached and the Great War ended. To him, the defeat of German was extremely devastating. The defeat was, in fact, devastating for all of Germany. The Treaty of Versailles, a peace treaty signed at Versailles in France on June 28 1919, punished Germany severely. In accordance with the treaty, Germany lost the following areas of land: Alsace-Lorraine (taken from France in 1870). Danzig (a strip of territory through East Prussia to form a Polish corridor to the sea). Areas in Schteswig, Silesia and on the Belgian Frontier. Saar Industrial region placed under international control but under French influence. Germany was also forced to comply with the following restrictions: Germany was forced to pay reparations for war damage. The price was fixed in 1921 at 132 billion gold marks. 9/10 of the German merchant fleet was confiscated. German rivers were opened to international traffic. Germanys overseas assets, totaling 16 billion marks, were seized. German colonies were taken over by the League of Nations and distributed as territories to Britain, France and Japan. The German army was confined to 100 000 men on long-service contracts. Most military installations and training schools were shut down. Military were withdrawn from the Rhineland and occupied by Allied Troops. The German Airforce was completely abolished. The German Navy was reduced to a maximum of 6 small battleships of only 10 000 tonnes each, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers and 0 submarines. In Clause 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forced to confess guilt for the war, this being the basis for Allied punishment. The Formation Of The Nazi Party And Its Ideas: After World War One ended, Hitler remained for some time in the army. They put him to work gathering information on revolutionary political groups in Munich. On September12 1919, dressed in civilian clothes, Hitler attended a meeting of the Deutsche Arbeiterpartie (German Workers Party) in the back room of a Munich Beer Hall, with another twenty-five people. There, he listened to a speech by Gottfried Feder entitled, How and by what means is capitalism eliminated? After the speech, Hitler rose to leave when a man stepped forward and made a speech supporting the state of Bavaria breaking away from Germany and forming a new South German nation. This idea enraged Hitler to the point that he got to his feet and expressed his forceful opinion to the man for fifteen uninterrupted minutes. Anton Drexler, one of the founders of the party, allegedly whispered, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦hes got the gift of the gab. We could use him. After Hitlers outburst was complete, and Hitler started to leave, Drexler rushed to Hitler and invited him to read a forty-page booklet titled, My Political Awakening. Hitler was delighted to find that the German Workers Party reflected many of his own ideas- building a strong nationalist, pro-military, anti-Semitic party made up of working class people. However, in Mein Kampf, Hitler describes the condition of the party: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦aside from a few directives, there was nothing, no program, no leaflet, no printed matter at all, no membership cards, not even a miserable rubber stampà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This absurd little organization with its few members seemed to me to possess the one advantage that it had not frozen into an organization, but left the individual opportunity for real personal activity. Here it was still possible to work, and the smaller the movement, the more readily it could be put into proper form. Here, the content, the goal, and the road could still be determinedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ After two days of thinking it over, Hitler chose to join the German Workers Party and became member no. 55. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I finally came to the conviction that I had to take this stepà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It was the most decisive resolve of my life. From here there was and could be no turning back. Hitlers hatred of the Jews rapidly became part of the organizations policy. Advertising for their meetings appeared in anti-Semitic newspapers. On October 16 1919, during one such meeting, Hitler delivered an emotional speech that left the audience awestruck. Donations came in from every corner, and hundreds of Germans attended the frequent meetings to hear Hitler speak. In February 1920, Hitler and Gottfried Feder prepared a 25-point summary for the German Workers Party. The summary was fervently anti-capitalist and anti-Semitic. Among the 25 points was withdrawing the Treaty of Versailles, confiscating war profits, confiscating land without compensation, revoking civil rights for Jews and driving out Jews who had emigrated after World War One had begun. On February 24, in front of more than 2000 spectators, the summary was presented at a public meeting. In April 1920, the partys name was changed to the National Socialist German Workers Party or NAZI Party, and the red flag with the swastika was named as their party symbol. Hitler discovered that a local anti-Semitic newspaper was on the verge of bankruptcy and so he was able to purchase it for the party. In 1921, Adolf Hitler was named chairman of the Nazi Party. The Beer Hall Putsch and Mein Kampf Hitlers strengthening of the Nazi Party was meant not only to win more votes, but also to overthrow the Weimar Republic by a putsch or violent uprising. Encouragement for attempting this came from Italy in October 1922, when Benito Mussolini, a 37-year-old former journalist, led a successful putsch. Marching with his paramilitary forces into Rome, Mussolini toppled the government. He named himself II Duce (leader) and his supporters the Fascisti (Fascists). The Nazis copied Mussolini shamelessly. In November 1922, the colossal inflation of the German Mark triggered a state of emergency in Berlin and Munich. Seeing this as his chance, Hitler, on May 1 1923, tried to organize a putsch but it was never any threat to the Reichstag. However, on November 9 Hitler tried again. One day earlier, Hitler had held a rally at the Munich Beer Hall and declared a revolution. Led by Hitler and former Quartermaster General Erich Ludendorff, around 3000 SA (Sturmabteilung) brown shirts marched from the Bà ¼rgerbrà ¤ukeller- the largest beer hall in Munich. However, the putsch fell to pieces when they were fired upon by police. Around a dozen of the SA were killed in the consequent fighting and many of the leaders of the putsch were arrested, whilst others fled the country. Both Hitler and Ludendorff were captured and put on trial. Whilst the latter was cleared on a technicality, Hitler was not so lucky. He received the minimum sentence of five years imprisonment in Landsberg Fortress, though he only served close to nine months. Hitler used this time to dictate the first volume of his political memoirs, which he titled- Mein Kampf (My Struggle). In Mein Kampf, Hitler argued for war in the east to create a Grossdeutschland- Greater Germany- by removing the Soviet Union. The book also reiterated Hitlers hatreds, especially against the Jews and the Communists whom he saw as part of the Jewish conspiracy. The following is a passage from Mein Kampf: [The Jews] ultimate goal is the denaturalization, the promiscuous bastardization of other peoples, the lowering of the racial level of the highest peoples as well as the domination of his racial mishmash through the extirpation of the folkish intelligentsia and its replacement by the members of his own peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Released in 1927, the book had sold over 300 000 copies within 6 years, and Hitler was able to live off his earnings. The Depression and the Elections of 1932-1933 On his release from prison, Adolf Hitler was banned from public speaking and the Nazi party was temporarily outlawed. In February of 1925, Hitler reestablished the Nazi Party, and its popularity rose rapidly. By 1929, the number of members had risen from 27 000 to 108 000. However, in the May 1928 elections, the Nazi party only polled a disappointing 2.5% of the vote. This was probably because, in recent years, the economic state of Germany had gradually improved. With Paul von Hindenburg as President, inflation eased, average wages rose, international agreement solved the problem of reparation costs and, in 1928, unemployment dropped below 1 million for the first time in years. The country was accepted back into the international community, and was accepted into the League of Nations in 1926. After the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler had accepted that his way to power was through politics rather than force. He did deals with nationalist parties, big businesses, landowners and the army. Before 1930, the Nazi Party began the Hitler Youth, the Student League and the Pupil League to win the support of the young Germans- Germanys future. The National Socialist Womens League even allowed women to get involved. On 24 October 1929, the Wall Street Crash triggered the Great Depression. Germanys rising employment rate dropped drastically and, by 1932, 6 million- or 1 in 3 people- were unemployed. Hindenburg decided to invoke Germanys emergency presidential powers, creating a new government made up of a chancellor and cabinet ministers to rule by emergency decrees, rather than by laws passed by the Reichstag. In September 1930, there was another election. The Nazi Party, mostly due to the Depression and a successful propaganda campaign, captured 18.3% of the vote, making it the second largest party in the Reichstag. In the July 1932 election, the Nazi Partys popularity once again rose, this time winning 37% of the vote. In the spring of that year, Hitler had opposed Hindenburg for the role of president in two democratic elections. The first, on March 13 1932, was disappointing for Hitler. He received just 30% of the vote, compared to Hindenburgs 49.6%. However, as the latter had just missed out on an absolute majority, another runoff election was scheduled for April 10 of that year. Hindenburg won the election again with 53% of the vote, but Hitler received 37%. In another party election, called for November 6 1932, the Nazi Party lost 34 of its seats in the Reichstag. It looked as though Hitler was going to be unsuccessful. Political Parties in the Reichstag May 1924 Dec. 1924 May 1928 Sep. 1930 July 1932 Nov. 1932 Mar. 1933 Communist Party (KPD) 62 45 54 77 89 100 81 Social Democratic Party (SDP) 100 131 153 143 133 121 120 Catholic Centre Party (BVP) 81 88 78 87 97 90 93 Nationalist Party (DNVP) 95 103 73 41 37 52 52 Nazi Party (NSDAP) 32 14 12 107 230 196 288 Other Parties 102 112 121 122 22 35 23 Hitler and Franz von Papen- a former chancellor and leader of the Nationalist Party- agreed to form a coalition. Hitler disagreed to a co-leadership, but instead promised that, if he were made chancellor, Papens supporters would be given important cabinet positions. They formed an alliance, though both were secretly planning to double-cross each other. Hitler waves at supporters after being named Chancellor- January 30 1933When the current chancellor, Schleicher, was forced to resign, Hindenburg was pressured by many- including industrialists, the military and even his own son- to offer Hitler the chancellor position. On January 30 1933, Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor. The Nazi Cabinet after when Hitler is named Chancellor January 30 1933Around noon, a teary-eyed Hitler emerged from the presidential palace. Surrounded by supporters, he got into his car and was driven down the street lined with cheery citizens. Weve done it! Weve done it! he exclaimed exultantly. The Reichstag Fire and the Enabling Acts Despite his being sworn in as Chancellor, Hitlers coalition with the Nationalists still did not give them a majority, with only 247 seats out of a possible 583. On his first day as Chancellor, Hitler called for yet another election- to be held on March 5 1933. With the SS and the SA overcoming the police and ruling the nation, people who were being harassed or even murdered by the Nazis had nobody to go to. Several days passed and Hermann Gà ¶ring, an important member of the Nazi Party, claimed that he had uncovered plans for a Communist uprising. In actual fact, he had come across a membership list of the Communist Party and intended to arrest every one of its four thousand members. It is unknown what precisely happened on February 27 1933, but this is one rendition of the burning of the Reichstag Building. In Berlin, a deranged Communist named Marinus can deer Lubbe, 24, from Holland had, for the past week, been attempting to ignite government buildings to protest capitalism. It is though that Nazi Storm troopers had befriended the arsonist and even encouraged him to set light to the Reichstag. This happened at around 9 p.m. President Hindenburg and Vice-Chancellor Papen were dining at a club facing the Reichstag when they noticed the building was ablaze. Hitler was at the apartment of Joseph Goebbel- the Nazi in charge of Propaganda- at the time of the incident. When Hitler arrived at the scene, he told reporters the following: You are now witnessing the beginning of a great epoch [era] in German historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Thus fire is the beginningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The German people have been soft for too long. Every Communist official must be shot. All communist deputies must be hanged this very night. All friends of the Communists must be locked up. And that goes for the Democrats and the Reichsbanner as well. The following day, Hitler used the Reichstag fire to issue an emergency decree. Thousands of Communists, Social Democrats and Liberals were taken away top SA barracks to be beaten and tortured. Fifty-one anti-Nazis were brutally murdered. Fire engulfs the Reichstag Building February 27 1933On March 5, after an enormous propaganda campaign, the election results were in. The Nazis did not receive a majority- they were given only 44% of the vote or 17 277 180 votes. However, with their coalition with the Nationals, they did have a majority of 16 seats. Hitler now had a new goal. If he could obtain a two-thirds majority, then he could alter the constitution and give himself dictatorial powers. Needing only another 31 seats to do this, Hitler made use of blackmail, threats and false promises to have his Enabling Act voted for by opposition parties. The Enabling Act would, for four years, transfer power from the Reichstag to the Reich cabinet, including the power of legislation, budget, approval of treaties and constitutional amendments. When the Reichstag voted on the Enabling Act, it passed 441 to 84. All opposing acts were from the Social Democrats. Leader of the latter, Otto Wells, told Hitler subsequently: We German Social Democrats pledge ourselves solemnly in this historic hour to the principles of humanity and justice, of freedom and socialism. No Enabling Act can give you power to destroy ideas which are eternal and indestructible. Hitler, shouting with rage, replied with: You are no long needed!.. The star of Germany will rise and yours will sink! Your death knell has sounded! PART 2: THE NAZIS IN POWER Anti-Semitism from the Middle Ages EUROPE: Jews have always been the topic of hatred and ridicule since the death of Christ. The Jews were named Christ Killers and Murderers of God. This crime alone was considered so horrible that Jews were believed to be capable of any devilry. Martin Luther, founder of Protestantism, claimed that they were the Christians most vicious enemy, second only to Satan himself. Their synagogues should be set on fireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Their homes should likewise be broken down and destroyedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ let us drive them out of the country for all time. Martin Luther, 1542 During the Middle Ages, Jews were said to be responsible for the years of the Plague that killed millions of Europeans. They were also widely believed to murder Christians- especially innocent children- for use of their blood during religious ceremonies. The Nazis made good use of these stories, hundreds of years later. When Jewish blood spurts from the knife, then things go twice as wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ From the Horst Wessel Song, a Nazi Anthem The Jews rarely lived in peace. Entire communities were raided and destroyed. Children were taken from their parents and raised as Christians. Some who refused to give up their beliefs were burnt at the stake. Jews were forbidden to be doctors, lawyers and teachers of Christians. Nor could they hire Christians to work for them, prepare food for Christians, be cared for by Christian nurses or live in the same household as a non-Jew. At many times, Jews were forced to wear a special badge so that Christians could recognize any Jews and easily avoid them. This treatment of the Jews was the basis of Hitlers persecution hundreds of years later. According to Christianity, lending money and charging interest- usury- was a sin. Jews were used to fill this job, used by the powerful to collect taxes and supervise peasant farmers of large estates. This role gave rise to such generalizations as, All Jews are rich, and The Jews control all money. After being pushed out of numerous countries, including England, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Germany, Jews were forced to live in limited areas- Ghettos. GERMANY: During the 11th Century, Christian knights travelled to the Middle East to kill Moslems during the Crusades. However, many found easier victims closer to home. Massacres in German towns left thousands of Jews dead. In the years of the Plague, hundreds of Jewish towns were brought to ruins and the persecution continued. At all times, Jews found their homes attacked, their synagogues burned and their cemeteries dishonored. In many country villages it was custom to stone Jews during the Holy Week before Easter. The word Anti-Semitism was first used in 1873 in a small book called The Triumph of Jewry over Germanism by Wilhelm Marr. Nazi Anti-Semitic Laws The following timeline lists the Nazi restrictions against the Jews from 1933 to 1942: 1933 March- Jewish lawyers were forbidden to work as lawyers in Berlin. Jewish judges were suspended from office. April- Jewish teachers were banned from teaching in state schools. Aryan and non-Aryan children were forbidden to play with each other. Jewish civil servants were dismissed from public office. Jews were excluded from sports and gymnastics clubs. 1935 March- Jewish writers were not allowed to carry out any form of literary work in Germany. Jewish musicians were not allowed to work in state orchestras. April- Jews were only allowed to sit on benches marked For Jews. Jewish art and antique dealers were not allowed to carry out their trade. September- The Nuremberg Laws All Jews had their German citizenship removed. Marriage ceremonies and extramarital sex between Germans and Jews were punishable by imprisonment. Marriages that had already taken place were declared invalid. 1936 January- Jews had to hand over electrical and optical equipment, bicycles, typewriters and records. April- Jewish vets were banned from working as such. August- Anti-Jewish posters were temporarily removed during the Olympic Games which took place in Berlin. October- Even if Jews converted to Christianity and were baptised, they were still to be classed as members of the Jewish race. 1938 January- Jews were forbidden to become members of the Red Cross. March- Only Aryan Germans could hold allotments. April- Jews had to declare their finances so that their assets could be seized by the government. July- Non-Jews were forbidden to leave anything in their wills to Jews. Jewish doctors were no longer allowed to work as doctors. Jewish street names were changed. August- Male Jews were forced to add the name Israel and female Jews the name Sara to their first names. Jewish passports were to be stamped with the letter J. November- Nov. 9-10- Kristalnacht (Night Of Broken Glass). German Jews are ordered to pay one million Reichmarks in for damages of Krystalnacht. All Jewish children are expelled from German schools and can attend only separate Jewish schools. December- Jews are banned from public streets on certain days. Jews are forbidden drivers licenses and car registrations. Jews may no longer attend universities as teachers or students. Aryanization is compulsory for all Jewish businesses. 1939 February- Jews are forced to hand over all gold and silver items. April- Jews lose rights as tenants and relocated into Jewish houses. September- Jews in Germany are forbidden to be outdoors after 8 p.m. in winter and 9 p.m. in summer. Jews in Poland are ordered to register all family members and relocate to the major cities. November- Jews in Poland are forced to wear the Star of David. The first Polish Ghetto is established. 1941 March- Deadline for entering the Poland Ghetto. May- Romania passes a law condemning adult Jews to forced labour. 1942 June- The German government closes all Jewish schools. Nazi Education It rapidly became clear to Hitler and the Nazis that it would be difficult to convert many of the Germans who had voted against them in the democratic elections. Therefore, the Nazis especially focused on controlling the German educational system so that the youth of Germany would accept the Nazi Principles. As Hans Schemm- leader of the Nazi Teachers League, put it, Those who have the youth on their side control the future. In Warsaw, a street sign states: Jews are forbidden to walk on this side of the street.As soon as the Nazis gained power in 1933, they molded the educational system to suit their needs. Private schools were closed or taken over, and racial hygiene was introduced with much emphasis into the school curriculum. Though many teachers supported the new system, a very large number were fired or left teaching, with some of the best educators emigrating. In 1934, Hitler appointed Bernhard Rust the Reichsminister fà ¼r Wissenschaft, Erziehung and Volksbildung, or the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Popular Culture. Rust was a former school teacher who had been fired for molesting a student. Rust immediately altered the schools to suit the needs of the Nazi Party. Jewish teachers and others who opposed the changes were fired. The remaining teachers and university professors were forced to join the National Socialist Teachers League. Anti-Semitism was also emphatically thrust upon students. Exams were given on topics such as this, and Jewish children would fail if they did not admit to their racial inferiority. Bernhard Rust continued as Minister of Education for twelve years before, in May 1945, he committed suicide when the Germans surrendered to Allied Forces. Kristalnacht The Nazi restrictions against the Jews steadily worsened. On October 28 1938, 17000 Jewish Polish citizens living in Germany were arrested and relocated across the Polish border and placed in relocation camps. One deportee was Zindel Grynszpan who had lived in Germany since 1911. On October 27, he and his family were forced out of their home, their store and their family possessions confiscated. A shattered storefront Kristalnacht- November 9-10- 1938 A burning synagogue at Baden-Baden Kristalnacht- November 9-10- 1938Grynszpans 17-year-old son, Herschel, was, at that time, living in Paris. When he heard of his familys relocation, he was so enraged that he travelled to the German embassy in Paris, intent on assassinating the German Ambassador. Instead, he settled for a lesser official, Third Secretary Ernst vom Rath. Rath, critically wounded, died two days later. This assassination gave Joseph Goebbels, Hitlers Chief of Propaganda, an excuse to launch an attack against German Jews. On the nights of November 9 and 10, mobs throughout Germany and Austria freely attacked Jews in the street, in their homes, at work and their synagogues. This event came to be known as Kristalnacht or the Night of Broken Glass. At least 96 Jews were mercilessly killed, hundreds more were injured, more than 1000 synagogues were burnt to the ground and around 7 500 Jewish businesses were destroyed. Cemeteries and schools were vandalized and 30 000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps. It was unfairly decided by Nazi Officials that the Jews were to be held responsible for Kristalnacht. Accordingly, a fine of 1 billion marks was levied for the slaying of Vom Rath, and 6 million marks paid by insurance companies for broken windows was to be given to the state coffersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Snyder, Louis L. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: Paragon House, 1989:201) PART 3: THE HOLOCAUST The Creation of Ghettos in occupied Europe Though confining the Jewish race in ghettos had been occurring for centuries in numerous European countries, the Nazis ghettos somewhat differed. Whilst in previous centuries the ghettos had merely been a way to isolate the Jews from normal society, during the Holocaust they were a first step towards the Final Solution. In total, the Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, the Baltic States, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Hungary. The largest ghetto, in Warsaw, held 400 000 people. Other cities with large ghettos for Jews include Là ³dz, Bialystok, Czestochowa, Kielce, Krakà ³w, Lublin, Lvà ³v, Radom and Vilna. These large ghettos had brick or stone walls, wooden fences, barbed wire and guards placed at gateways. There were also a very large number of small ghettos, some housing as few as 3000 Jews. These were generally not sealed off as they were only used temporarily until the Jews could be sent to a larger ghetto. The conditions within these ghettos were very poor. Disease ravaged the over-crowded residents, and there was insufficient access to warm clothes and heating during the bitter cold winters. Starvation was an ongoing problem for many. Though it was illegal, parents continued to educate their children and many secretly held religious services and observed Jewish holidays. The Nazis built the Theresienstadt (or Terezà ­n) ghetto in northwestern Czechoslovakia to show visiting International Red Cross Inspectors the conditions in a typical ghetto. Flower gardens, cafà ©s and schools were constructed to shield the international community from the inhumane mistreatment of the Jewish and other people. The Einsatzgruppen The Einsatzgruppen (or Mobile Killing Units) were specially trained units of the S.S., whose orders were to execute on the spot all Communists, Jews, Gyspies and any other people deemed a threat or inferior. By the end of the war the Einsatzgruppen had murdered around 1.4 mill

An Analysis of Representing Representation Essay -- Fried, Michael

The Studio of the Painter portrays the social and cultural position of the artist. The center group consists of a nude female model, a young peasant boy, and Courbet himself working on a landscape. To the left is a group of people who represent a cross spectrum of society and the various social classes; while to the right are some of the artist’s friends—including the well-known essayist Baudelaire. This painting, along with several others, was hung in Courbet’s Pavilion of Realism; the exhibit was created after Courbet refused to paint to the rules of the French Academy in order to be shown at the Exposition Universelles des Beaux-Arts. Rather than portraying a woman as the traditional allegory, Courbet uses her as the inspiration behind the landscape painting thus creating a connection between the standard female nude and nature. The painting has connections to the theory of absorption by Courbet portraying all of the figures being absorbed in their own thoug hts so that the viewer is being ignored and is rendered unnecessary. Like a play at a theatre, the scene portrayed can be seen as a theatre production being performed for the viewer and essentially makes the viewer believe that they are uninvolved. Overall, the painting is a statement of Courbet’s desire to go beyond traditional painting and viewer roles and create a new way of separating art from the collective eye. Michael Fried’s article Representing Representation focuses on the central group of Courbet’s Studio of the Painter as a â€Å"desire to reduce to an absolute minimum all sense of distance between [the] painting and beholder.† As his introduction, he states that he will compare the painter in the Studio to one of Courbet’s well-known self portraits—The Man with t... ...s from what he is actually trying to say and could frustrate a reader who just wants to learn about Courbet’s Studio. If Fried had covered only one of the topics that he writes about the essay could have been much stronger and more focused than what he has produced rather than a conglomeration of several ideas that the reader has to process in order to get the main idea of what the author originally set out to do. Fried’s analysis is well-written and well-supported and in the beginning he clearly sets out what he is going to cover, but overall it is a lot of information being covered in a portentous style that disconnects the reader from the writing—much like Courbet set to disconnect the viewer from the painting. Works Cited Fried, Michael. "Representing Representation: On the Central Group in Courbet's "Studio"." Art in America, September 1981, 127-133, 168-173.

Nickel and Dimed analysis Essay

In my opinion, I feel that the author of â€Å"Nickel and Dimed†, Barbara Ehrenreich, had ethical intentions when making the decision to investigate â€Å"poverty† by emerging herself in the â€Å"low-wage lifestyle†. The ethical concern, however, is with her approach. I feel that the way in which it was conducted could be viewed as degrading to those who do not have an alternative to this way of living. True, hopeless poverty does not have those â€Å"reassuring limits† that Ehrenreich had the ability to utilize when she was in a position that made her uncomfortable with the consequences of the poverty she was attempting to study. By keeping her car, she writes, â€Å"Yes, I could have walked more or limited myself to jobs accessible by public transportation,† and â€Å"I just figured that a story about waiting for buses would not be very interesting to read.† The sole allowance of this access to transportation, although she also maintained other things such as her ATM card in instances that subject her to hunger or homelessness, was in the interest of entertainment versus science. I do feel, though, that Ehrenreich was aware that she was never going to be able to fully commit to this endeavor when she writes, â€Å"With all the real-life assets I’ve built up in middle age—bank account, IRA, health insurance, multiroom home—waiting indulgently in the background,† she admits, â€Å"there was no way I was going to ‘experience poverty’ or find out how it ‘really feels’ to be a long-term low-wage worker.† I applaud her efforts to whole-heartedly work the low-wage jobs she acquired and submerge herself in a way of life that was completely foreign to her. In doing so, I feel that the research, despite its flaws, succeeded in exploring the plight of the low-wage worker in our society at that time. Her inability to budget her expenses with the minimal income that she received, in itself, was a testament to the trials and tribulations that those women face on a cyclic basis throughout their Many of the life situations that the characters in â€Å"Nickle and Dimed† were dealing with are not commonly discussed in today’s society. Media portrays â€Å"the poor† with stereotypical images. According to an article by Bullock et al. (2001), â€Å"women receiving public assistance are stereotyped as lazy, disinterested in education, and promiscuous.† America is depicted as either a classless society or one in which the majority of people are middle class citizens. Despite the lack of awareness of this type of poverty, I do feel that their arrangements are, unfortunately, not uncommon at all. Ehrenreich’s experience with low-wage work in Florida was significantly different than her experience in Maine. She reports that in Maine, â€Å"Even convenience store clerks, who are $6- an-hour gals themselves, seem to look down on us.† In the predominantly white Maine, the maid profession is viewed at in an almost servant-like way, they are the ones who must do the dirty work for the â€Å"wealthy† and are not seen as equals. The history of maid work was usually given to minorities, which could explain for this treatment. As for Key West, Ehrenreich did not have the same issues with regard to degradation, however, she struggling with maintaining her low- wage lifestyle. The waitressing job at Hearthside paid very little so she had to pick up a second job to make ends meet. Because both jobs were so emotionally and physically taxing, Ehrenreich was only able to maintain this for 2 weeks versus the 4 weeks that she had been able to endure in Maine. Although her job as a maid in Maine was also strenuous, and despite the fact that she also had a second job, I believe that her experience in Florida was tougher on her because it was her first attempt at living this lifestyle. By the time she arrived in Maine, I think she had internalized that much of what she was enduring was the everyday lives of the women who she had gotten to know throughout her experience and relented to the existence of poverty. The drastic increase in affluent households using maid services can be explained by a number of things. According to Ehrenreich, with the influx of women into the workforce, tensions arose over housework. Once women began working and did not solely rely on their husband’s wages, women began to expect more from their husbands. When the idea of this â€Å"equal partnership† was not being fulfilled, it caused many disagreements within households. The maid services â€Å"even saved marriages† and took advantage by obtaining contracts from these   homes by capitalizing on this idea, to intervene and solve their problems by eliminating the need for an argument over housework. In her statement, â€Å"For the first time in my life as a maid, I have a purpose more compelling than trying to meet the aesthetic standards of the New England bourgeoisie†, I believe that Ehrenreich was tired of helping the people she worked for â€Å"keep up with the Joneses†. She had come to the realization that neither her employer, nor the families whose homes she worked in, saw her or the women she worked with as â€Å"human†. When they were feeling ill they were told to â€Å"work through it† despite the extenuating circumstances that surrounded their health issues and the circumstance maintaining them. This quote represents her â€Å"purpose† when having to work to compensate for her ailing teammate and helped explain her views on the injustices that these women were enduring. Besides worrying about the dirt under the carpet that was placed as a test by a home owner or the dust on the hundreds of unread books on shelves, she had to take a step back from the robotic, day to day work of the â€Å"maid†. This helped her truly see the human suffering that she was witnessing firsthand and enraged her to want to advocate for these women so that others were able to see it too. REFERENCES Bullock, H.E., Wyche, K.F., & Williams, W.R. (2001). Media Images of the Poor. Journal of Social Issues, 57(2), 229–246. Ehrenreich, B. (2001). Nickle and Dimed. New York: Picador.

Complexity Theory - Cryptograp essays

Complexity Theory - Cryptograp essays One important, yet practical, application of complexity theory is cryptography. It has become one of the main tools for privacy, trust, electronic payments, and other forms of security. It is no longer just a military tool and the advantages it provides should be used to the fullest extent. This paper will discuss basic terminology and popular methods of cryptography. Cryptography is the science of scrambling text so that no one can read it except for the intended recipient. The art of breaking ciphers without the proper key is called cryptanalysis. Cryptography deals with the secure message, digital signatures, authentication, and other similar applications. Cryptology is the branch of mathematics that studies the foundation of cryptographic methods. The process of transforming plaintext into a form that is meaningless to anyone that might intercept it is called encryption. The process of decoding the message is called decryption. This can be done by using an encryption algorithm, a decryption algorithm, and a secret or private key. The sender uses the encryption algorithm to encode the message, and the receiver uses the decryption algorithm and the key to decode the message. A third party intercepting the encoded message will have worthless data unless they can figure out the decryption algorithm and obtain a key. To best ensure that the key is kept safely out of the hands of the third party it is never to be sent with the encoded message. The study of cryptography dates back thousands of years to the hieroglyphs of early Egyptian civilization. Cryptography has been used by such figures as Julius Caesar, Charlemagne, Louis XIV and Mary Queen of Scots. More recently, Alan Turing, the inventor of the Turing machine, led a group of British mathematicians who broke the German code used in World War II for sending instructions to U-boats patrolling the Atlantic Ocean. One of the simplest cryptographic algorithms ever ...

Chernobyl Disaster essays

Chernobyl Disaster essays The Chernobyl Disaster: Economic, Environmental, and Social Impacts in Europe The nuclear power plant disaster in the town of Chernobyl in 1986 came to have major impact on the environment and the population of the European continent. Due to the lack of security and financial resources, the Chernobyl plant was considered unsafe before the accident; one was able to prevent the accident from happening, as the old Soviet regime would not let any nuclear specialists from the west into the country. As a result, current winds following the disaster brought radioactive particles to Scandinavia and northwestern Europe, which came to have much greater impact than if the winds would have been blowing in another direction. According to De Boer and Catsburg (1997), the Chernobyl accident was not the first incident at a nuclear plant. In 1979, the nuclear plant at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania had troubles, as well as the nuclear plant at Sellafield in Great Britain 1985. The accident in Chernobyl concerned peoples opinion about safety issues related to nuclear plants (Catsburg, De Boer 254). Much of the information about the Chernobyl disaster has been kept secret from people outside the former republic of Russia, but since the breakdown of the Soviet Union, a lot of information has become available to the west. Nuclear power is a fantastic energy source as it is efficient and leaves minimal chemical pollution, which can be minimized if it is done right. It is extremely effective and consistent, but what if something goes wrong? The oppositional forces to nuclear power received free advertising due to the disaster and the question about nuclear power was once again a subject for discussion. There are about 440 nuclear power reactors and 217 nuclear power plants around the world; so far two have collapsed. This might seem like a small percentage but if one looks at the consequences of the two; one will see devastat...

Prevention of HIV among black African men under 30s in UK Essay

Prevention of HIV among black African men under 30s in UK - Essay Example This has made this category of individuals to be considered a high risk group. This campaign will address all the ways in which HIV/ AIDS is transmitted. For this reason, a HIV support group is calling out for all men in this category to take part in the HIV support activities. These activities are geared towards helping men in ages between 30 and 34 improve their health styles especially in the enhancement of their immunity. The information is available on the televisions, social media, and in offices of the National Health Service. The campaign focuses on a number of interventions. To mention but a few is the use of condoms in the prevention of HIV/AIDS transmission. In this respect, the campaign involves, a number of timely interventions that would help avoid further infection. The campaign is also geared towards teaching the target group the importance of knowing their HIV/AIDS status. First one should develop a feeling that he would avoid a negative condition of health. Then, one develops positive expectations that through following a recommended action, he would be avoiding a certain negative condition of health. Next, one unde rstands that he can take a recommended action of health successfully. Additionally, the participants would also be taught how to check for HIV symptoms. This would be done through checking whether one has a common attack of the opportunistic diseases, or loss of weight. All the activities of the campaign would help men of this group to improve their HIV health styles. If men of ages between 30 to 34 practise the recommended interventions, they will protect their own health together with that of their beloved ones. No member of this group should miss the campaign activities since different HIV supporting activities would be offered. Your participation will considerably be

The Capital Buffer and Capital Planning-Banks Essay - 1

The Capital Buffer and Capital Planning-Banks - Essay Example According to this article, FINMA categorizes different financial institutions into different groups based on their total material goods, possessions under management, fortunate and required own funds. Pillar 2 describes the limits for capital buffers in line with categorization. The support sets the capital adequacy requirements in a digressive manner that depends on the size of the institution and its complexity. These limits described by this support include the capital ratio that is applicable to establish the capital adequacy of an institution. The other limit is the capital ratio that needs an immediate action according to the supervisory law. The pillar claims that all financial institutions need to improve the quality of its financial status the help to meet the capital adequacy target of the whole system. Another trait common to most of the financial institutions includes an inability to fulfill the capital buffer target. The author claims that an organization can be permitte d to fail to comply with the capital adequacy target upon lack of notification. These organizations are advised to inform the FINMA in advance. The company should also explain the date of meeting the compliance and the method of complying with the capital adequacy target.

Responses To Post Of Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Responses To Post Of Students - Essay Example Even if the questions are well formulated, where D&I fails in an organization, the people who should provide the most relevant information, those minority members most affected by discrimination, would not be expected to candidly divulge their true sentiments or reactions in the survey or interview. There is a compulsion to outwardly conform to the majority expectation in order to keep one's job, although what they feel and think is contrary to what they express. Only when D&I is effective and the underrepresented can feel free to express their honest opinions can such a survey be considered reliable. The situation, therefore, yields a reverse outcome that follows a convoluted logic – that is, where the results show negative comments on D&I effectiveness can it be said that D&I has actually been effective.The post does not say, however, what these baseline measures pertain to – whether it refers to increase in job satisfaction, added productivity, reduced operating cost , and so forth. The selection of appropriate measurements becomes more challenging when one considers that most of these attributes are normally and more significantly influenced by factors other than diversity and inclusion. For instance, increased manpower cost is typically related to rising salaries and wages. Much of the elements in diversity and inclusion efforts defy quantification, because of the difficulty of isolating the impact of specific measures, and the complete absence of a measurable component.

Binge Drinking Among College Students and Consequences Essay Example for Free

Binge Drinking Among College Students and Consequences Essay Binge drinking is a problem that has continued to have a toll on the lives of college students despite efforts by the government and school administrators to curb the trend. Many studies have been conducted to reveal the facts behind binge drinking in colleges and campuses. It is clear that for the problem of binge drinking in colleges to be resolved, it must all start by understanding the factors that influence college students to engage in this behaviour and the impacts that binge drinking have had on the lives of college students. This is because students who do engage in binge drinking have their reasons to justify their behaviour but often have failed to recognize the magnitude of risks that they are exposed to by binge drinking. Among the government initiatives to reduce this problem has been to increase the national drinking age though this has not had much impact on the level of binge drinking among college students according to several studies. It is worth noting that many students have been indulging in binge drinking with the excuse that it is normal as per the culture in their colleges. There are other factors that influence college students to binge drink including environmental, social, developmental, and cognitive factors. Though most students who binge drink defend their behaviour by citing the positive side of binge drinking such as curbing stress and elevating self-confidence, the consequences are often costly and regrettable. This essay provides an argument on the factors that influence college students to indulge in binge drinking, including the various false beliefs about alcohol consumption. In addition, the essay will shed light on the consequences of binge drinking and show that contrary to the tendency of college students to glamorize binge drinking, it is a risky and costly endeavour. Binge drinking has been defined as heavy episodic alcohol consumption in which men end up taking five or more drinks in a si tting while women take four or more drinks in a sitting (Nelson and Wechsler 287). The prevalence of binge drinking on college campuses has remained high, posing serious health, academic, social, and legal implications. In order to understand binge drinking, it is worth mentioning that drinking is measured in terms of frequency or quantity. While quantity refers to how much, frequency is concerned with measuring how often consumption takes place. A drinking behaviour qualifies as binge drinking if large quantities of alcohol are consumed within a short time frame (Binge Drinking). By looking at the history and prevalence of binge drinking among college students, it leaves no doubt that changing drinking age over time has had little impact on the prevalence of drinking on college campuses. Beer drinking among college students is not a new phenomenon as tales dating back to 19th century are told of college students engaging in drinking. A survey conducted by Yale University researchers in 1949 gave an idea of the prevalence of drinking on college campuses. The survey found that 6% of women and 17% of men engaged in drinking more than once per week. In the 1960s and 70s the minimum drinking age in many states was set at 18 to agree with the requirement that those joining the military ought to be old enough to drink (Dietz 88). However, this action only paved way for increased drinking on college campuses given that now drinking was legal. The government had to act swiftly to arrest this trend and in 1984, the minimum drinking age was set at 21. Even then, the level of drinking remained almost the same as most college students had attained this age and thus regarded themselves as being entitled to drink (Krock). Drinking rates over the past 20 years have remained relatively at the same level and now it is estimated that 80-90% of college students are into drinking. Heavy drinkers constitute 15-25% of college students and 44% of college students report frequent or occasional binge drinking (Dietz 88). These statistics are indicative of the fact that binge drinking is a problem that is deep rooted in other factors such as the kind of cultures in colleges, environmental, cognitive, and developmental factors. Therefore, altering the national drinking age while it has shown positive impacts in the general population in terms of decreasing the prevalence of binge drinking, cannot offer a comprehensive solution to the same problem in colleges (Krock). The culture of drinking on campus has contributed a great deal to the high prevalence of binge drinking. While acknowledging the fact that unique cultures exist among individual colleges, these individual cultures harbour certain sub-cultures that encourage excessive consumption of alcohol. Within these sub-cultures, a common message is perpetuated that drinking is a normal and essential component of social interaction. Therefore, many college students conduct themselves in a manner that agrees with what the prevailing culture dictates (Ho pe and Ham 727). The culture of drinking on college campuses is composed of a number of elements. The first element is drinking events which encourage students to indulge in drinking to mark certain events (Dietz 89). In the same way that universities and colleges have a strong sense of tradition, the drinking culture has deep roots in most colleges. Therefore, many students engage in binge drinking in the process of honouring certain events that to them require people to drink in order for the commemoration to have real meaning (Dietz 89). In as much as the culture of drinking in many colleges and universities is difficult to do away with, it has only served to make students make the wrong decision of involving themselves in heavy episodic drinking characteristic of binge drinking. The bottom line is that in the disguise of marking particular events, many college students involve themselves in binge drinking thus exposing themselves to detrimental consequences. Drinking games is an element of drinking culture in colleges that have contributed to the high prevalence of binge drinking. In some colleges, students have tended to glamorize the aspect of drinking alcohol to the extent that drinking gam es are held in which students compete in drinking alcohol. Some drinking games are highly competitive while others just dictate rules regarding how much participants are expected to drink (Dietz 89). Nevertheless, the fact is that whether a drinking is highly competitive or not, by the virtue of portraying drinking as totally harmless, such games have encouraged binge drinking to the detriment of many students. It is true to say that in order to create opportunities for excessive drinking, students in many colleges have perpetuated drinking games entrenched in the culture of drinking. A good example of a drinking game in colleges is Beer Pong in which 6-16 cups partially filled with alcohol are taken by each team. The person playing the game is expected to throw a ping-pong ball aiming at the opponent’s cup across the table. If the ball lands into the partially filled cup, the opponent has to drink the content. The team that runs out of cups first is considered the loser (Dietz 89). By considering the nature of such a game, it is prudent to note that its objective is to encourage excessive drinking judging by the number of cups involved. Therefore, students who get involved in such games more often than not end up binge drinking in the name of having fun but in reality exposes themselves to negative consequences. Another important factor which makes college students to indulge in binge drinking is the kind of choices they make in terms of the groups they want to identify themselves with given that college students are eager to have a sense of belonging. One study targeting to investigate how college students seek to have a sense of belonging revealed that those students who joined Greek organizations drank consistently and more heavily than those who did not join Greek societies (Hensley). Greek societies are known to be prevalent in colleges and often entice students to join them in order to gain a sense of brotherhood or sisterhood. However, many students who agree to join these organizations are exposed to a life of excessive drinking in the disguise of obeying induction rituals. Eventually, the life of excessive drinking becomes part and parcel of these students (Dietz 90). While it is understandable that many students joining college are eager to identify themselves with particular groups or organizations, it is expected of them to make prudent decisions which would not compromise their studies and their lives in college. Unfortunately, many students have ended up in binge drinking through making inappropriate decisions only to realize when things go terribly wrong. Athletics is also another element of college culture whereby, students take the moment as an excuse for drinking but then end up binge drinking. When students drink excessively during sporting events, they often cause incidences and fall in trouble with authorities. Drunken fans are known for causing chaos during and after games irrespective of the game outcome. Consequently, property may be damaged and both bystanders and the rioters suffer serious injuries (Dietz 91). For students who binge drink because of sporting events, it is just a flimsy excuse and the consequences are often regrett able. Therefore, drinking games, sporting events, traditional drinking events, and Greek organizations are the elements of the culture of drinking on college campuses which make many students involve themselves in binge drinking. Unfortunately, the notion that alcohol is essential for complete social life on campus is a misconception whose consequences are harmful. Apart from the culture of drinking, college students are influenced into binge drinking by environmental, developmental, and cognitive factors. Regarding the environment, logic dictates that the way someone behaves is more often than not influenced by what is going on in the surrounding. Therefore, when students drink in environments where people have carried alcohol to drink, drinking games are being played, hard alcohol is available in plenty, and the people around are intoxicated; binge drinking can always be predicted. On the other hand a drinking environment where drinking is taking place in a family setting, in the context of dating or where food is available, studies have shown that in such environments, binge drinking is very unlikely (Dietz 92). Though this suggestion carries weight, it is paramount to reckon that studies that have been done on such environmental implications on the likelihood of binge drinking have been largely correlational. What this means is that though the first kind of environment may contribute to the occurrence of binge drinking, it is also a possibility that those students who indulge in binge drinking are already present in such an environment. Therefore, it would be difficult to determine for instance whether playing of drinking games in such an environment resulted from the presence of binge drinkers or whether students ended up binge drinking because of being in an environment where people played drinking games (Dietz 92). Nevertheless, it leaves no doubt that depending on the kind of environment that students expose themselves to, the likelihood of binge drinking either increases or decreases. Cognitive factors constitute another influential force which has led many college students to develop binge drinking behaviour. The cognitive influences are deeply rooted in misleading beliefs about alcohol, the notion that binge drinking is something that is acceptable, and misinformation about the effects of excessive alcohol consumption. Regarding the false beliefs or myths that some college students confidently hold on to, there are those who believe that everybody is engaging in binge drinking and thus experiences similar negative consequences (Binge Drinking). This is a misguided thought because a significant percentage of college students do not engage in binge drinking. At the same time, the negative consequences experienced by those who indulge in binge drinking vary and cannot be the same. For instance, according to the direct effects model, binge drinking consequences are determined by both the drinking beliefs and the binge drinking tendencies. Going by this model, students who hold more risky myths such as â€Å"everybody is doing it† is more likely to experience harsher consequences. This is because; such students are often lured into thinking that binge drinking cannot make them suffer physical harm. Consequently, they are more likely to involve themselves in highly risky behaviours after binge drinking and hence experience more severe consequences compared to those who do not hold such a myth (Turrisi, Wiersma and Hughes 343). Another myth among binge drinkers is that binge drinking enhances sexual performance and sex appeal. The fact is that binge drinking predisposes students to risky sexual behavior in which some students may engage in unprotected sex which can lead to the contraction of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (DeSimone 2). In fact binge drinking causes disorientation and those who engage in it are incapacitated from making rational decisions when they are drunk. The belief that their sex appeal is enhanced is misguided. There is also the belief among those who attempt to justify binge drinking that binge drinking is a remedy for stress and that it can enhance social interaction. On the contrary, binge drinking has been associated with hangovers and even suicidal thoughts. Binge drinking does not enhance social interactions but instead it triggers quarrels, arguments, fights, and incidences of blacking out and vomiting (Wechsler). Others believe that alcohol is not harmful to the body. Again, such a belief is the total opposite of the fact since alcohol consumption has been associated with serious health consequences including alcohol poisoning. The other aspect of cognitive influences is that some students will engage in binge drinking because they perceive the behavior as acceptable in the eyes of their parents and friends. In other words, they find consolation in the idea that binge drink is not bad after all since their parents and friends do not show any disapproval of the behavior (Dietz 94). Developmental factors also help to explain why college students engage in binge drinking. It is worth noting that once students reach this level of maturity, they naturally develop the desire to be regarded as mature adults who can make independent decisions and be responsible for the consequences of their actions. Therefore, binge drinking behaviour among many college students emanate from this desire to assert their adulthood. Moreover, college students are usually at their prime physically and thus they feel much confident in terms of being able to withstand the impacts of drinking alcohol which may also lead them into drinking excessively (Dietz 91). Though regarded as normal development, the fact that college students are likely to regard as adult hypocrisy anti-drinking messages from people, only puts them at more a vulnerable position. It is also noteworthy that college students are at a stage of critical social and emotional development. For instance, this is a time that they experience a higher level of autonomy since their parents are not around to monitor them. This increased freedom makes many students to make autonomous decisions and often experiment with behaviours that their parents had forbidden them. Moreover, many college students are still continuing with the process of devel oping their identity and in the process, often indulge in behaviours such as binge drinking in search of more sensational experiences (Hope and Ham 727). Peer influence is usually at the centre of identity development as students try to fit in new environments with a sense of belonging. Therefore, given that in many colleges students are confronted with a drinking culture, it is not a wonder that some result to binge drinking. However, many students fail to realize that with more freedom comes the need to be more responsible. This is because too much freedom without a sense of self-control or restraint is harmful. In this regard, in as much as certain developmental factors are normal, it cannot be justified as the excuse for engaging in heavy drinking. Binge drinking has a wide range of negative consequences which many college students fail to foresee before plunging themselves into the risky behaviour of binge drinking. Some students do not think that binge drinking can lead to any immediate negative consequence while others lean on the belief that alcohol does not pose harm to the body at all. Such notions are null and void given th at bingers are often caught in a wide range of crises such as engaging in unplanned or unprotected sex and getting into trouble with the authorities. In addition, bingers are more likely to engage in dangerous acts such as driving while drunk than nonbinging drinkers. Drunk driving is a major cause of car accidents and many young people have lost their lives because of it (Nelson and Wechsler 290). Some of the beliefs about the benefits of binge drinking among college students include the idea that by binge drinking, one can get more sexual opportunities. On the contrary, binge drinking only serves to make bingers behave irresponsibly and engage in risky sexual behaviours such as unplanned or unprotected sex. Consequently, some may contract STIs and HIV/AIDS which is a very high price to pay for being irresponsible. Unwanted pregnancy is another possible outcome of binge drinking which adds to the social burden and compromises the studies of the affected student. Contrary to the notion that binge drinking helps to relieve stress, one of its notable consequences has been the increased risk of committing suicide among college studen ts. Given that 67% of suicide incidences in colleges result from alcohol abuse, the idea that binge drinking causes relaxation is a nonstarter (Wechsler). The health consequences associated with binge drinking are severe. For instance, liver cancer is a fatal illness which can lead to death if not treated early. Another terrible consequence of binge drinking is alcohol poisoning which is a health condition that is not reversible once it occurs. This is a fact which is contrary to what people believe that alcohol poisoning can be reversed by drinking black coffee, walking, sleeping, or taking a cold bath. Time is the only factor that can determine whether the condition will get better or worse. However, due to the high level of alcohol in the blood, there may be no time for the alcohol level to decrease. Instead, the increase in blood alcohol level may continue even after quitting drinking. Consequently, death can result from interruption of breathing functions or the patient may choke on his/her vomit while unconscious (Do You Understand Binge Drinking?). Binge drinking causes students to be left behind in school work and academic performance of binge drinkers is rendered poor. For instance, due to hangovers and disorientation that comes with excessive drinking, students often fail to complete their assignments or to attend lectures. Consequently, their grades continue to deteriorate and their academic life may become a nightmare (Hensley). Such outcomes are contrary to the notion among young binge drinkers that they have the ability to control the effects of excessive drinking. The fact is that the consequences of binge drinking are stronger than one may try to imagine and many students only regret later when it is too late. The second hand effects of binge drinking are also real and come in the form of insults, sleepless nights, unwanted sex advance, arguments, and a ssaults (Wechsler). From this discussion, it leaves no doubt that binge drinking is highly prevalent on college campuses, something that has been contributed by different factors. This is supported by the evidence of many studies showing that despite the national drinking age being increased to 21, binge drinking especially among female students has increased. The consequences of binge drinking are detrimental. This has been witnessed in the form of the escalating cases of road accidents which has cost many lives of college students. Despite the belief among many college students that alcohol consumption enhances social interaction and sex appeal, binge drinking results in quarrels, arguments, and risky sexual behavior. In addition, students who binge drink have often found themselves in trouble with authorities. Poor academic performance due to inability to focus is a big problem among binge drinkers. Contrary to the belief that alcohol releases stress, statistics have proved otherwise. In fact, incidences of suicide have been on the rise among binge drinkers. The notion among binge drinkers that they are able to control the impacts of alcohol is a nonstarter given the high incidences of rape, assault, and vandalism among college students who binge drink. Regarding the culture of drinking in most colleges, this is something that bingers lean on as an excuse for their behavior. Issues of autonomy and the urge to identify with particular groups though real only imply that individual students must make prudent choices amidst the pressure. It all has to start by correcting the misconceptions and wrong attitudes among college students. Nevertheless, binge drinking remains a nagging issue whose consequences are a threat to many generations. Annotated Bibliography 1. Binge Drinking. n.d. Web 25 Nov 2011 . This article presents an argument regarding the way binge drinking has been defined by researchers and helps the reader to understand the controversy surrounding what actually amounts to binge drinking. It acknowledges that binge drinking is characterized by repeated intoxication with alcohol which makes a person become careless and abandon his/her responsibilities. In this case, it is useful in this research paper in terms of shedding light on what amounts to binge drinking and the possible consequences. It also alludes to the fact that binge drinking is still prevalent on college campuses. However, it points out that most of the research results about binge drinking on colleges have not reflected the real picture of the situation. 2. DeSimone, Jeff. Binge Drinking and Risky Sex among College Students. 2010. Web 25 Nov 2011 . This article is useful in this research to the extent of addressing one of the main consequences of binge drinking; risky sexual behaviour. The information in the article is presented in form of a report based on research aimed at finding out the relationship between binge drinking and risky sexual behaviour among college students aged between 18 and 24 years. Its findings that binge drinking increases promiscuity and inability to opt for safer sex such as condom use help to build on the paper’s argument. However, it fails to recognize other numerous negative consequences of binge drinking besides risky sexual behaviour. 3. Dietz, Christine M. Development of Binge Drinking Behavior in College Students: A Developmental Analysis. Graduate Journal of Counseling Psychology (2008): 1(1), pp. 86-96. The journal presents valuable information on the factors that influence college students to engage in binge drinking. It extensively addresses the culture of drinking in most colleges which many students lean on as an excuse for intoxicating themselves with alcohol. In addition, the journal discusses the developmental, cognitive, and environmental factors that play a big influential role in binge drinking. The information in the journal is quite useful in this research paper as it presents a broad picture of what has led to the high prevalence of binge drinking on college campuses. However, it falls short of addressing the details of the consequences of binge drinking. 4. Do You Understand Binge Drinking? 2011. Web 25 Nov 2011 . This is an article that explores in a brief but precise manner, what binge drinking is, the myth surrounding binge drinking, and the main health consequences of binge drinking. It helps to build the argument that contrary to what many college students perceive as being invincible to harm, binge drinking is a monster that induces slow death regardless of age. 5. Hensley, Laura G. College Student Binge Drinking: Implications for a Constructivist Approach to College Counseling. Journal of College Counseling (2001): Vol 4. T he journal covers the most fundamental elements presented in this research paper in the form of an argument. It begins by explaining the prevalence of binge drinking and the factors causing this trend such as students joining Greek societies and succumbing to peer pressure. It then highlights the behavioural, health, and academic negative consequences that result from binge drinking. Though the information is useful in building an argument, the journal presents it in form of a report or literature review. 6. Hope, Debra A and Lindsay S Ham. College students and problematic drinking: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review (2003): Vol 23, pp. 719-759. This journal review explores the problem of excessive drinking among college students by citing the findings of a number of studies that have been conducted in the past. It acknowledges the importance of considering frequency and quantity when defining binge drinking. Besides highlighting the consequences of binge drinking, it also explores other aspects such as gender difference in the likelihood of excessive drinking. Nevertheless, it contributes to the research paper since it also addresses factors such as sensation seeking, personality and environmental factors, and cognitive processes as influencing college students to engage in binge drinking. 7. Krock, Becca. Higher drinking age lowers binge drinking for all except college students. 2009. Web 25 Nov 2011 . The article presents important findings from a recent study which revealed that though the national drinking age was set at 21 and has remained so since 1984, the effects on the level of binge drinking among college students have not been significant. However, the article points out that a major decline in the prevalence of binge drinking among teenagers has been noted. The article is relevant to the research paper since it helps the reader to see that altering the drinking age is not enough to curb the issue at hand. The main idea in the article is that since most college students are already 21 years and above, it’s legal for them to drink and the situation is exacerbated by other factors. 8. Nelson, Toben F and Henry Wechsler. Binge Drinking and the American College Student: Whats Five Drink? Psychology of Addictive Behaviours (2001): 15(4), pp. 287-291. The journal article discusses the importance of the clinical five/four measure of binge drinking in evaluating its various consequences. By citing findings about the consequences of binge drinking among college students, the article helps to build the argument presented in this paper. The article notes that there is a huge difference in the severity of binge-drinking consequences between bingers and non-bingers. However, the article does not address the fundamental factors that influence students to engage in binge drinking. 9. Turrisi, Rob, Kimberly A Wiersma and Kelli K Hughes. Binge-Drinking-Related Consequences in College Students: Role of Drinking Beliefs and Mother-Teen Communications. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors (2000): 14(4), 342-355. The information presented in this journal article is highly relevant to the argument since it not only focuses on the false beliefs about alcohol among college students but also the relationship between these beliefs and the consequences. For instance, the article asserts the findings that a direct relationship exists between drinking beliefs and binge-drinking consequences. However, there is no direct relationship between drinking beliefs and consequences when it comes to health matters and physical risk. Overall, the article helps the reader to understand the phenomenon of binge drinking in terms of why students engage in it and the difference in the nature of consequences expected by bingers and the actual consequences. 10. Wechsler, Henry. Binge Drinking on Americas College Campuses. 2009. Web 25 Nov 2011 . In this article, the question of binge drinking is discussed in light of its prevalence which according to the article has remained relatively steady. At the same time, the article notes that more dangerous forms of binge drinking have been on the rise. The far-reaching consequences of binge drinking including alcohol poisoning, poor academic performance, vandalism of property, and physical harm have been highlighted. It helps to underscore the fact that by believing that they are able to control the effects of alcohol, many college students have only predisposed themselves to harm.